Once unreal and futuristic operating discoveries of Czech scientists are working on . Research on so-called nanotechnology , through which the body restores the damaged tissue with its own forces , will undoubtedly go down in history .

The principle of the work of Czech scientists who are developing nanotechnology laboratory is to replace what the body itself can not , for example, start and regenerative processes , where the organism itself can handle very difficult or even at all.

Examples of these technologies is a European project to regenerate the heart after a heart attack . After the attack on the heart muscle remains solid scars that have not downloaded because it is formed by connective tissue cells . Researchers have in place to restore damaged heart muscle cells. Nanofibers are a kind of scaffold and cells are conditions for growth.

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Enriching the diet with iron compounds is one of the solutions to fight against these gaps. However, the soluble iron compounds, easily assimilated by the body such as iron sulfate FeSO4 alter the taste and color of foods. The compounds poorly soluble in aqueous media without these drawbacks, yet they are not well understood. Researchers at ETH Zurich (ETHZ) and the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Zurich presented a possible alternative through the ingestion of iron nanoparticles.

A flame reactor is used for the synthesis of nanoparticles of a specific surface of 190 m2 / g and two types of nanoparticles of iron oxide and mixed oxide nanoparticles of iron and zinc. These particles are then ingested by rats.

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Figure 1: (a) The transverse spiral Mn magnetic order found in many multiferroic perovskite manganites. Here the Mn spins rotate around an axis defined by the cross product S_i×S_i+1, while the magnetic propagation Q is parallel to the vector joining these two spins r_i,i+1. The direction of the ferroelectric polarization is given by the cross product P=(S_i×S_i+1)×Q. In the same figure the O atoms (red circles) are coherently displaced from their paraelectric position by a distance d (depicted as white circles) and are related to the Dzyaloshinskii vector by D_i,i+1~λd×r_i,i+1 , where λ is the spin-orbit coupling constant. (b) A depiction of a weak ferromagnetism generated from a DM interaction from a small canting of antiferromagnetic spins that are stacked along the c axis. For clarity only one column of spins along the c axis is shown. In this arrangement the Dzyaloshinskii vector changes sign between pairs of spins.

Researchers at Ohio State University have built a tool to study the magnetic field in a ferroelectric material nanoscale. This work opens the door to understanding electromagnetic effects on this scale in order to integrate these materials into the memories and microprocessors. At Rutgers University, a research team revealed a magnetoelectric effect in a new material. An applied electric field on the structure can alter the magnetic properties.

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This discovery represents a fundamental first step toward understanding the physical mechanisms at the basis of all chemical processes of natural and artificial. A team of researchers from the Department of Physics Attosecond Politecnico di Milano and researchers from various research centers and universities in Europe has published the results on the journal ” Nature ” of June 10, 2010 .

In the future , the same technique will be applied to study the dynamics of electrons in more complex molecules and will act directly on the dynamics of electrons and the appropriate timescale of the order of Attosecond so to target a particular chemical transformation .

The application of pulses to attosecond for the study of fundamental electronic processes involved in chemical processes will build , for example, ultra -fast electronic devices . Indeed , the current flow in these devices , the movement generated by inter-and intra – molecular electron , will be controlled on time scales still smaller and thus the frequencies of the order of petahertz [ 2] against the 10 GHz [ 3 ] today.

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Its alteration by mutation causes the appearance of diseases or impairments such as cancer and muscular dystrophy . To decipher the genomes of individuals could target these mutations for patients to understand the changes causing the disease, can make predictions for predisposition to certain diseases, making early detection and propose targeted treatment. This is the key to both preventive medicine and completely personalized.

However , these promises can be held only if the decryption – the sequencing of DNA – is fast and inexpensive. Knowing that it took 15 years of efforts, between 1989 and 2004 , and over a billion dollars to achieve completely decipher the human genome under the Human Genome Project ( HUGO ) , must be put in place techniques reducing the costs and time by a factor of 100,000. That’s what the program ” $ 1,000 Genome ” in place in the United States since 2004 in which nanotechnology plays a central role [1,2] . $ 9.5 million of funding has been invested by the National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) in this program for Fiscal Year 2010.

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Julich researchers use a scanning tunneling microscope [ 3 ] to analyze the Nanoscale . The thin metal tip of the microscope traverses the sample surface like a needle of a gramophone and records by using small electric currents and surface roughness height differences of approximately one nanometer. But even with a microscope tip reduced to the size of an atom , it was hitherto impossible to have an image of the inside molecules .

” To increase the sensitivity for organic molecules, we placed a sensor and a signal converter to the microscope tip , ” said Dr. Ruslam Temirov . These two functions are fulfilled by a small molecule consisting of two atoms of deuterium (also known as heavy water) . This molecule is moving at the tip, it can follow the contours of the sample and affects the currents that pass through this point.

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Prof. Horst Weller of the Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg said they were able to “make flat surfaces nanostructured allowed to move electrons . The specificity is that the nanostructures become electrically conductive surfaces . This is a great step forward in comparison with the nanostructures point previously developed .

The researchers cited the example methods of crystallization and organization of materials found in nature . They observed several years of micro-organisms that store iron in the form of tubular structures of nanoparticles . Professor Christian Klinke , University Hamburg says, “at the beginning of the process are specific nanoparticles . We then use organic molecules that combine and position them to the desired shape .

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Scientists have been trying for decades to position more efficiently in the cells DNA and RNA. To do this, have resorted to a variety of methods, including using viruses to transport genetic material into the interior of cells, DNA and RNA coated with special chemicals or electric fields and ultrasound used to open the cell membranes. However, these conventional methods tend to have low efficiency or risk to health.

It seems that things will change a lot, thanks to the development of new technology.

In it, carbon nanoparticles activated by bursts of small explosions trigger laser light, opening holes in cell membranes long enough for therapeutic agents contained in the surrounding fluid can penetrate into the cells through these holes.

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Still the same material, but holds a very different behavior.
Using a spectroscopic technique with atomic resolution, a team of researchers, who include David A. Muller, Lena Fitting Kourkoutis Cornell University, has concluded why this happens and how to grow extremely thin manganite films that retain their magnetic properties.

When this technique is sufficiently refined, it may be possible to lay the foundation for new developments that allow manganites and other oxides to replace silicon in electronic components based on thin films, in data storage and other technologies.

Previously, various research groups were grown thin layers of these classes and their results and suggested that there is a critical thickness of about 15 atomic layers, below which no conduction is possible.

Now, however, the authors of the new study shows that it is possible to reduce the thickness to a few atomic layers and keep driving.

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The image recognition systems contain several electronic circuits necessary for their operation : an image sensor, a storage device and another information processing . The challenge to successfully manufacture artificial retinas is to bring these functions into devices small enough to fit into a human eye . The solution is to build a single structure with a size of a nanometer , such as a nano- switch .

A nano – switch consists of two electrodes separated by a tiny space , one being metallic and the other consists of a solid electrolyte . For an electrochemical reaction in solid phase , metal atoms extracted from the electrolyte to form a bridge between the two electrodes and thus close the switch . When the space between two electrodes is in the nanometer range , the reaction is automatic which is not without problems in the quest for miniaturization of these devices. Researchers have therefore introduced between the two electrodes a membrane whose electrical conductivity varies with the intensity of light received .

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